2^nd International Conference on Neurological Disorders and Stroke April 28-30, 2016 The Oberoi Dubai, Dubai, UAE

Cerebrovascular disease is a severe, common and expensive disorder. It is third most frequent cause of death and leading cause of adult disability.  Of the 750,000 people suffer stroke annually 170,000 will die due to stroke.

The most common forms of cerebrovascular disease are cerebral thrombosis (40% of cases) and cerebral embolism (30%), followed by cerebral haemorrhage. Ischemia or hemorrhage are the by-products of cerebrovascular disease, manifest as sudden, focal neurological deficits related to specific vascular territories of the central nervous system.

Most patients with cerebrovascular disease have significant atherosclerosis, predisposed by one or more risk factors such as hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hyperlipidemia, and family history of vascular disease. 

Neurodegenerative disorder  is an umbrella term for a range of conditions which primarily affect the neurons in the human brain. In some cases, the neurodegenerative diseases are incurable and debilitating conditions that result in progressive degeneration or death of nerve cells. These include Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias, Parkinson’s disease (PD) and PD-related disorders, Prion disease, Motor neuron diseases (MND), Huntington’s disease (HD), Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), Spinal muscular atrophy and others. Each neurodegenerative disease is characterized through its unique aggregated protein. ß-amyloid (Aß) represents as hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease, whereas α-synuclein is the key protein in Parkinson’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).

Today critical goal of medical research is the prevention and treatment of these neurodegenerative disorders. About 25 million people suffering from dementia and it is generally believed that it will rise to 130 million demented persons by 2050. The lack of effective treatments that can halt or reverse the disease process indicates a huge medical need.

Neuropathic pain is pain caused by damage or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system. Neuropathic pain may be associated with abnormal sensations called dysesthesia or pain from normally non-painful stimuli. It may have continuous or episodic components. The latter resemble stabbings or electric shocks. Common qualities include burning or coldness, "pins and needles" sensations, numbness and itching. Over 30% of all neuropathic pain is a result of diabetes in the U.S.

Neuropathic pain classification is a taxonomic attempt by researchers and clinicians to sort out the myriad of disorders in order to conveniently study certain ‘syndromes’ with the idea of finding a treatment. Most neuropathic conditions are not isolated to pure pain fibres and can co-exist with inflammatory, visceral or nociceptive as well as neuropathic dysfunction like autonomic nervous system involvement in diabetes. Neuropathic pain includes toxic, metabolic, trauma, metabolic, cognitive, autoimmune and infectious disease.

A brain tumour is a growth of cells in the brain that multiplies in an abnormally. Tumours of the brain produceneurological manifestations through a number of mechanisms. Small and critically located tumours may damage specific neural pathways traversing the brain. Tumours can invade, infiltrate, or supplant normal parenchymal tissue, disrupting normal functions. Metastatic brain tumours from non-CNS primary tumours may be the first sign of malignancy. Chemotherapy treatment of brain tumour is done with anti-cancer drugs, given to destroy or control cancer cells. Whereas, with application of measured doses of radiations cancer is treated. Although the risk associated with these therapies are high as it affects the normal cells also.

Neuro imaging includes employs new techniques to either directly or indirectly images the structure, function and pharmacology of the nervous system. Imaging of brain is a relatively new discipline within medicine and neuroscience or psychology. These imaging techniques include Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, functional MRI, Electroencephalography and Magneto encephalograph with abilities that opened the door to direct observation of cognitive activities.

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in Europe, USA, Canada and Japan and is the primary cause of adult disability and in this 80% are ischemic such as cardiogenic, atherosclerotic, haemodynamic, lacunar and cryptogenic. The acute ischemic stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery that carries blood to the brain. The brain cell death rate is two million cells per minute in absence of oxygen, therefore increasing the risk of permanent brain injury, disability or death.

The Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when an artery in the brain bleeds. Aneurysm condition causes stroke that bursts or by a condition called arterial venous malformation, a twist of abnormal blood vessels in the brain that may bleed due to the fragility of the vessel structure. The goal of neurosurgery is to restore blood flow to the brain and reduce the risk of stroke. The type of graft and underlying conditions used is responsible for the effectiveness of bypass. 

Neuro-Oncology is study of treatment for patients with cancers of the brain and nervous system. Basically neuro-oncology focuses on primary and metastasis tumour which includes Astrocytoma, Glioma, Glioblastoma multiforme, Ependymoma, Brain Stem Gliomas, Germ Cell and Pineal Region Tumors, Spinal Cord Tumours, Leptomeningeal Metastasis and other Brain Metastasis. 

The brain cancer or tumors treatments includeRadiotherapy, Chemotherapy, Corticosteroids and Neurosurgical Intervention to curing Neuro-oncological conditions. A new approach of use of blood biomarkers of glioblastoma for treating primary tumour in adults.

Neurorehabilitation is a complex medical process which aims to aid recovery from a nervous system injury. Neurological rehabilitation program is aimed to create awareness about the neurological disorders and its diagnosis. Neurologist, physiatrist, rehabilitation nurse and therapist provide special guidance and care to stroke affected patients.

The outcomes of strokes are greatly affected by many factors which include age, gender, education level, stroke type, concordance, diet and nutrition, physical activity, smoking, tobacco and alcohol addiction. Out of which the age and severity of deficit have repeatedly been found to be most major factors. The swallowing, cognitive and emotional therapies are given to stroke patients. The technology assisted facilities such as Cranial electrical stimulation and Transcranial magnetic stimulation are helpful in brain recovery.

Diabetes management of persons before and after stroke is done by controlling hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia conditions. Estimates of risk of ischemic stroke in people with diabetes range from 2-3 fold increase in men and 2-5 fold increase in women. Carotid artery stenting is an endovascular surgery performed when a stent is deployed within the lumen of the carotid artery to prevent a stroke by treating narrowing of the carotid artery.  CAS is used to treat narrowing of the carotid artery in high-risk patients

The cognitive approaches and rehabilitation therapy of stroke are cognitive impairment involves a vast array of difficulties, including memory, attention, orientation, judgment, problem solving skills visuospatial deficits and recovery of memory impairments following stroke. Cellular approaches may be an effective alternative to conventional disease management strategies of ischemic stroke with new innovative use of endogenous stem cells and progenitor cells in the adult brain after stroke. Neurodevelopmental therapy (NDT) or Bobath approach has been the most widely used as therapeutic approach for remediation of motor control deficits with patients after stroke.